Pharmacology in nursing-Psychiatric disorder Assignment

Pharmacology in nursing-Psychiatric confusion - Assignment Example Then again, FGAs have less proficiency and antagonistic reactions described by extrapyramidal symptoms. Regardless of their proficiency, SGAs additionally have their own reactions, for example, weight gain and the capacity to expand helplessness to diabetes. Thusly, treatment of discouragement and psychosis requires cautious thought of different variables, for example, age, previous conditions, and polypharmacy among numerous different factors before settling on a decision of the treatment tranquilize. Notwithstanding settling on a decision on the antipsychotics relevant, clinical experts likewise need to think about fusing non-pharmacologic methodologies, for example, psychotherapy for youth with hard to-treat melancholy. Furthermore, issues of patients utilizing natural prescriptions, for example, St. John’s Wort, must be prompted fittingly to turn away likely mischief and symptoms from polypharmacy. This paper fundamentally audits the utilization of antipsychotics in the tr eatment of psychosis and sorrow. It likewise quickly features the utilization of psychotherapy and elective medication St. John’s Wort. ... that fluctuate in seriousness, and these may incorporate schizophrenia, bi-polar confusion, schizoaffective turmoil, medicate initiated psychosis and crazy sadness. Psychosis influences roughly 3% of the United States (U.S) populace, with 1% of the cases being schizophrenic (Lehne, 2012). Then again, misery is a disposition issue condition described by sentiments of pity, outrage, misfortune, disappointment and repugnance of movement. These are regular emotions, yet real clinical gloom is a circumstance where these sentiments happen frequently and cause obstruction on everyday exercises. The condition may likewise inspire different practices, for example, indulging, which could at long last lead to corpulence. Epidemiologic insights show that downturn is predominant in the most evolved countries, with U.S. being the main country. Lifetime predominance varies significantly from 3% in Japan to as high as 17% in the U.S. Populaces in many countries experience despondency at a rate runni ng somewhere in the range of 8% and 12% (Lehne, 2012). The treatment of psychosis and wretchedness has for an exceptionally significant time-frame depended on antipsychotics as the main line of treatment. Notwithstanding the pharmacological methodology, family and psychological conduct treatments have likewise been suggested for long haul treatment. The utilization of antipsychotics has in the past introduced blended responses among clients and still keeps on introducing a situation in the treatment of psychosis and misery. Quite, the test showed up in 2004 and 2005 when the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) suggested a â€Å"black box warning† on antidepressants used to treat discouraged and maniacal youths (Ho, 2012). A â€Å"black box warning† is any ready that shows up on the addition of any remedy and cautions against unfavorable impacts of utilizing a specific medication. In the

Policy and Strategy for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Approach and Strategy for Business - Essay Example From this paper plainly Fiorina’s system of ‘my way or highway’ has likewise left the top administration obviously insufficient in senior official positions. Without a doubt she had terminated many individuals in key situations during her residency. Robert P. Wayman, the interval CEO, isn't actually in a situation to settle on business basic choices and time might be running out for HP. The organization comes up short on the innovative edge to contend with its US rivals like the Dell and the IBM, and the Chinese monster Lenovo, in the PC showcase. The product unit of HP is a non-entertainer that makes a measly commitment of $122 million to the company’s kitty. The activity of HP to rise as a critical player in the product business by securing of organizations has likewise exploded backward. The reality the HP lost cash in programming, in spite of the brilliant aftereffects of the business when all is said in done, is a distinctive pointer to its slip shod t reatment of acquisitions. Be that as it may, the most genuine danger that HP faces is to its Printer advertise from its rivals like Dell. Despite the fact that the benefits of $ 22 from printing division in 2003 was the redeeming quality of the organization, Dell has speeded eating into its pie of low end division of Inkjet printer. In spite of the somber picture, it is just the Printing division that is the famous silver coating of the cloud for HP. This paper plots that strategically the organization is moving the correct way by fortifying it and spending more into its R and D. Nonetheless, the organization needs to settle on intense choices to remake its financial specialist certainty. The supplies of the organization had plunged 8% in the market, which is sufficient to wake the Board up. Also, it is the Board alone that can spare HP from its conspicuous disassembling. A couple of radical choices, other than the more clear one of the arrangement of a full time boss, should be made with no more wastage of time. HP needs to shed extra-things by disinvesting more the less beneficial PC and programming divisions and focus on printing. Along these lines it will no longer need to guard itself on numerous fronts.

The Study of Punishment in Psychology

The Study of Punishment in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Study of Punishment in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 15, 2020 Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future. While positive and negative reinforcement s  are used to increase behaviors, punishment is focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted behaviors. Punishment is often mistakenly confused with negative reinforcement. Remember, reinforcement always increases the chances that a behavior will occur and punishment always decreases the chances that a behavior will occur. Types of Punishment Behaviorist B. F. Skinner, the psychologist who first described operant conditioning, identified two different kinds of aversive stimuli that can be used as punishment. Positive Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by application. Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when a student talks out of turn in the middle of class, the teacher might scold the child for interrupting her.??Negative Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by removal. Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when the student from the previous example talks out of turn again, the teacher promptly tells the child that he will have to miss recess because of his behavior. Is Punishment Effective? While punishment can be effective in some cases, you can probably think of a few examples of when a  punishment does not reduce a behavior. Prison is one example. After being sent to jail for a crime, people often continue committing crimes once they are released from prison. Why is it that punishment seems to work in some instances, but not in others? Researchers have found a number of factors that contribute to how effective punishment is in different situations. First, punishment is more likely to lead to a reduction in behavior if it immediately follows the behavior. Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed, which may help explain why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behavior. Second, punishment achieves greater results when it is consistently applied. It can be difficult to administer a punishment every single time a behavior occurs. For example, people often continue to drive over the speed limit even after receiving a speeding ticket. Why? Because the behavior is inconsistently punished. Drawbacks and Consequences of Punishment Punishment also has some notable drawbacks. First, any behavior changes that result from punishment are often temporary. Punished behavior is likely to reappear after the punitive consequences are withdrawn, Skinner explained in his book About Behaviorism. Perhaps the greatest drawback is the fact that punishment does not actually offer any information about more appropriate or desired behaviors. While subjects might be learning to not perform certain actions, they are not really learning anything about what they should be doing. Another thing to consider about punishment is that it can have unintended and undesirable consequences. For example, while approximately 75 percent of parents in the United States report spanking their children on occasion, researchers have found that this type of physical punishment may lead to antisocial behavior, aggression, and delinquency among children. For this reason, Skinner and other psychologists suggest that any potential short-term gains from using punishment as a behavior modification tool need to be weighed again the potential long-term consequences.

Racial Profiling - 1356 Words

Running head: RACIAL PROFILING Racial Profiling: Are we Fighting it the Right Way? Racial Profiling: Are we Fighting it the Right Way? I would like to talk about an issue that is plaguing our community today and making the job of a Police Officer even more difficult than it already is. All for one reason, statistics!! Racial profiling to me is a lot like any other problem in our society today. Many have different opinions on why it happens, and what we should do about it if it does happen. The problem is nobody can come to a consensus on how to solve this problem. It seems to me that racism is still part of our society, and sadly, I think it always will be. We all have prejudices of some sort towards others. It may be because of†¦show more content†¦Police Chiefs and Police Officers country wide think that is inherently unfair. A good example of this is if a police officer is assigned to a neighborhood with large numbers of minorities he/she will inevitably write more tickets to the minority population than other officers assigned to predominantly white neighborhoods. In turn officers in minority neighborho ods would be branded unfairly. These officers would protect themselves and not write as many tickets. The minority neighborhoods would then not get the same level of police protection as others. I have seen this also happening with the profiling forms that officers complete for after each traffic stop. Police officers are picking and choosing their traffic stops more often to keep their numbers even. This is hurting police work more than it is helping to solve the problem of racial profiling. (www.seattlep-i.com, Thorny Racial Profiling Debate, Feb. 2002) I went to the other side of the debate and read what the ACLU and NAACP had to say about racial profiling. I found a lot of stories of police officers that did racially profile in their publications. There were many that showed proof of racial profiling, but all the stories seemed to be missing something, like it was only half of the story. Dont get me wrong, I am not saying that these groupsShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling1165 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction What is racial profiling? The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defines racial profiling as â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (2005). Do not confuse racial profiling with criminal profiling; criminal profiling is usually practiced by police in which they use a group of characteristics that are associated with crime to target individualsRead MoreRacial Profiling1430 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty years the issue of racial profiling has become extremely combative with regards to law enforcement practices. A common misconception begins as some people are unaware of what racial profiling actually is. Racial profiling typically deals with incarceration, miss education, and to certain extent slavery. The topic of slavery is relevant in the conversation of racial profiling because like slavery, African Americans have suffered ju st due their own identity. Profiling is essentially the selectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Criminal Profiling Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Profiling Vs Criminal Profiling Camilo Paez Briarcliffe College Professor Keirnan 11/13/2016 â€Æ' Executive summary Racial Profiling is a big problem is society. Over time you become biased of certain groups which is good and bad. Criminal profiling helps keep the bad guys off the streets. This maybe be also linked with being racist according to the people stopped by police. As a police officer you never win because no one wants to go to jail. It is very hard to â€Æ' Racial ProfilingRead MoreRacial Profiling1056 Words   |  5 Pages There has always been racial profiling in our history. The problem here is that at some point the ones who are oppressed and discriminated sooner o later will claim why they are treated unequally. There are many examples around the world, but one only has to take a look at how the American society has been designed to realize the great difference between individuals. It was even normal and acceptable to see these differences during the creation of this nation because the ones who supposedly hadRead More Racial Profiling is Necessary1040 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand racial profiling, it must first be correctly defined. Although different authors use different criteria for the term racial profiling, Merriam-Webster’s definition for the word racial is â€Å"of, relating to, or based on a race (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.855).† The definition the dictionary puts forth for profiling is â€Å"the act of suspecting or targeting a person solely on the basis of observed char acteristics or behavior (Merriam-Webster, 2006; p.830).† Based on these definitions, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem969 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling has been an issue in society for as long as America had a criminal justice system. Racial profiling is a problem because it refers discriminatory practice bye-law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. In 1868, the fourteenth amendment was ratified which states, No state. Shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, would have made racialRead MoreThe Good and Bad of Racial Profiling1250 Words   |  5 Pages It has been said that racial profiling has been used more than once as a way to detain suspects that arouse suspcion according to NAACP. Racial profiling is the suspicion of people based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, or other immutable charateristics rather than evidence based behavior. Eventhough statistics say otherwise racial profiling should not be used as a reasnoable right to detain an individual because it is unlawful, discrinmatory, and ineffective. Even though statisticsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is racial profiling. This issue, where authorities target certain individuals based on their racial characteristics, has never ceased. According to many influential claimsmakers, racial profiling has stained the United States by negatively affecting society and disturbing the certainty of justice. It is unconstitutional and leads to impactful consequences such as deaths, fear, and loss of trust in police officers, demoralization, and dehumanization of stigmatized groups of people. Racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling in Different Ways791 Words   |  3 PagesRacial Profiling has been used by law enforcement officials from early 60’s during the civil rights movement. The term â€Å"racial profiling† which was introduced to criticize abusive police practices against people of different race, ethnicity or national origin. One must assess how to understand the practice, and how to keep it distinct from other issues. Racial profiling is defined as â€Å"any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than the behavior of anRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racial Profiling903 Words   |  4 Pagespolice. Racial profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individuals race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. This is similar to criminal or offender profiling, the analysis of a persons psychological and behavio ural characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. Both seem to be similar, but make no mistake that racial profiling is illegal

Personal Statement Personal Wellness Plan - 970 Words

Personal Wellness Plan Introduction You always here goals about people wanting to lose weight. More often than not people are going to the gym to try and lose weight. There’s also those few people who want to put on weight. I happen to be one of those people. My goal is to gain 10 pounds of muscle by the time I start my next semester which would be August 22nd, putting me at 180lbs. This has been a goal of mine for a while, but I haven’t put it into action until now. There are a few reasons why I want to gain 10 pounds of muscle. First, I love to play the game of baseball and plan on playing sometime in college. Gaining 10 pounds of muscle would allow me to become a better overall player. I could improve my strength and speed, potentially allowing me to perform better. The reason I don’t play baseball now is because I tore my ACL. Gaining 10 pounds of muscle could decrease my chance of getting injured since I will have that extra muscle around my bones, joints, and ligaments. Another reason I want to gain 10 pounds of muscle, is to increase my over all athletic ability. Not only could it help me excel in baseball, but it could help me excel in other sports as well. It could also allow me to do things I haven’t been able to do before. Body Gaining 10 pounds of muscle could increase my overall strength. Increasing my overall strength would make everyday life activities much easier. It could also allow me to do these activities for a longer time as I age. Having and workingShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : My Personal Wellness Plan826 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Wellness Plan The goal I chose is to live a healthy lifestyle which in terms will add years to my life. In this transformation I chose to eat healthier, exercise more, drink plenty water and add supplements to my personal wellness plan. I will devote a significant amount of time to each area of this wellness plan over the next eight weeks to get the ultimate results. Below are specific goals and a plan of action that I will be doing over the course of eight weeks; in an effort to makeRead MoreHolistic Health Is Based On Many Different Aspects850 Words   |  4 PagesBefore I took the wellness index, I had no idea that holistic health is based on many different aspects. For example, I had no idea that finding meaning, or transcending played a big role in a person s holistic health. In addition, the results for some aspects also shocked me, and I need to work more on them. The first one I need to work on would be wellness and communication. In both my personal, and professional life I need to work on ways to communicate better so that everyone I work with isRead MoreThe Agency For Healthcare Research And Quality1429 Words   |  6 Pagesplays an important role in the acquisition and implementation of the system. The agency provides tools and resources to help health care organizations plan, implement, and evaluate health information technology. In addition, AHRQ also provide funds research health information technology to help improve the quality of health care. My Wellness Personal Record Systems or PHR was one of a research IT project funded by the AHRQ. The aims of this paper are to: (1) analyze the part the Agency for HealthcareRead MorePersonal And Professional Values In Nursing1592 Words   |  7 PagesA philosophy is a statement of values and beliefs to help guide one through their career. A personal philosophy should mirror the views of the individual and help shape their work to coincide with their personal values and beliefs (Marquis Huston, 2015). Nursing is a u nique career that makes nurses examine themselves and their own life in order to provide the best care for all patients. It is important for a nurse to realize their own beliefs and learn how to incorporate them into their care inRead MoreWorkplace Wellness Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Health and wellness in the workplace is crucial to business success. Increasingly, it is recognized that the workplace itself has a powerful affect on people’s health. When people are satisfied with their job, they are more productive and tend to be healthier. When employees feel that the environment at work is negative, they feel stressed. Stress has a large impact on employee mental and physical health, and in turn, on productivity. Companies that promote healthy lifestyle habitsRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy1264 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Every nurse’s philosophy develops through education and experience. As I reflect on my clinical experiences and nursing education thus far, I acknowledge that I have unknowingly developed a set of values, beliefs, and virtues that makes up my personal nursing philosophy. As I move forward in my nursing education, the values and beliefs that I have associated with a diverse patient population, health, the environment, and the role of the professional nurse will progress with me. The central conceptsRead MoreRecommendations For Wellness And Fitness1184 Words   |  5 Pages MEMORANDUM TO: Director of Health and Human Services FROM: Manika Gupta, Hofstra University President of the Wellness Council of America (WELCOA) DATE: March 23, 2015 RE: Recommendation for Wellness and Fitness in the Workplace Summary Wellness in the workplace is an important part of all professions where employers need to promote healthier lifestyle. There should be programs to improve the overall health of workers without making employers spend more on insuranceRead MoreAccounting Information System1105 Words   |  5 PagesINFORMATION SYSTEMS II TUTORIAL 6 Case 1: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Situation: The university is considering a new system that will speed up the registration process. As part of the systems development team, you are asked to develop a plan for fact-finding. (Adapted from Shelley Cashman 2010, Chp 04 Apply Your Knowledge,Elmwood College, p181) Required: 1. List all the possible techniques that you might use. 2. Describe an advantage for each technique. Adv of InterviewRead MoreAmerican Health Information Management Association Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual’s as competent, knowledgeable and committed to the association through quality healthcare delivery and quality information. The mission statement or purpose of the American Health Information Management Association, (AHIMA) pertains to â€Å"leading the advancement and ethical use of quality health information to promote health and wellness worldwide; and leads the health informatics and information management community to advance professional practice and standards† (the American HealthRead MoreAn Evaluation Will Be Deducted On The Health Inequalities Among Australians1689 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination and racism, so individuals, families and communities can benefit from ongoing [health] equality. An example of this would be Medicare, pharmaceutical benefit scheme [PBS] and National Disability Insurance Scheme. Secondly, a Position Statement from the Australian Medical Association points out various social determinants of health [standards and influences] for all Australians. For example: A persons’ socio-economic status will invariably be a defining foundation for an individuals’ state

Make Probability Real Free Essays

Probability plays a crucial and important role in many things: industries, recreation, etc. Let’s see how many we can think of. I know that we will all be amazed at how much our every day life is influenced by probability. We will write a custom essay sample on Make Probability Real or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Identify at least one example of probability encountered in everyday life which has not previously been mentioned. I am the â€Å"chef† in the house and work most of my hours in the afternoon. As I am the one who is the most creative in the kitchen and the evening hours at work prevents me form cooking dinner during a normal time, the probability of me cooking and having dinner prepared before noon, to be heated up later is very high. If my family is to eat a home cooked meal, I am the one to create it. The probability is between 95-97%. †¢ †¢ Explain how probability is used in that situation. Probability is used in the above situation because nobody in my home can cook a homemade meal. They love to eat, but they are terrible in the kitchen. The only way that they will eat a home cooked meal in our home is if I cook it earlier in the day and they re-heat it at dinner time. If something had come up during the day, and I am unable to cook a meal, then the probability that anyone in the house would cook would be zero; because as I stated earlier I am the only cook in our home. †¢ †¢ Identify the type of probability your example best fits by explaining whether it is an independent event or dependent upon something else. This situation described could be either a dependent or independent event. In the case of a dependent event, I would be available during the day, with all of the ingredients to prepare the meal and nothing comes up during the day that would preclude me from cooking the meal. In the event that something came up, this would become an independent event because then I would not be available to cook because I was not at the house able to cook. The greater probability of me being available early in the day is greater than me not being available to cook; because without me cooking my family would have to go out to eat and we are a family who loves to have a different home made creation daily. How to cite Make Probability Real, Essay examples

Mononucleosis 2 Essay Example For Students

Mononucleosis 2 Essay Mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a member of the herpes family. The herpes family also includes viruses that cause cold sores, chicken pox, genital herpes, and birth defects (7). Mono, short for mononucleosis (3) gets its name from the fact that it causes a persons white blood cells to become distorted, so that they have only one nucleus (becoming mononuclear) instead of the usual divided nucleus.; (3)The first accounts of mono are credited to Filatov and Pfeiffer who around the end of the nineteenth century described and illness known as Drusenfieber or glandular fever which occurred in family outbreaks. However, the establishment of mono is given to Sprunt and Evans. In 1921 they pointed out the mononuclear lymphocytosis that was present in each patient they treated. Two years later, Downey and McKinaly provided more details of the lymphocytes as a marker that led to the disease. (6)The idea of EBV being connected to mono came about in 195 8 by Burkitt. There were some cases in Africa of young children having tumors in their jaw and dying even when the tumor was removed. He later found out that the patients were coming from areas highly infested with mosquitoes, so they figured that the mosquitoes were related. The mosquitoes were carrying a virus in the herpes family, which was later called Epstein-Barr virus. This virus was later revealed to be linked with mono. (6)Anyone can get mono but it is most common in teens and young adults, mostly high school and college students. Children who are infected with EBV when they are really young are able to manufacture antibodies against the virus. If a persons body does not have EBV already they will most likely contract the virus later in their life and be able to build these antibodies. Only a small amount of teens and young adults actually get mono because they have already been exposed to EBV at a younger age. (7)Mono usually occurs in females between the ages of 15 to 16 years, and males between the ages of 18 to 23 years (4). People call it the kissing disease; due to the fact that it is spread through close contact and saliva (2). Drinking after someone, or eating after him or her can also contract mono (2). In the United States more than 100,000 cases of mono are diagnosed each year (7). At colleges 300 to 1500 out of 100,000 people get mono (7). Mono affects mainly the lymphatic system (7). The lymph system carries foreign invaders like EBV to special tissues where disease-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes spring into action.; (7) However EBV only infects the B cells that produce antibodies. During mono one out of every ten B cells becomes atypical.; The T cells in the body then go find the B cells infected and that is what makes the body feel fatigued and sick is when it is fighting its own cells. The lymph nodes where the body is attacking itself, such as the tonsils become inflamed, causing symptoms such as a sore throat. Eventual ly the T cells have done their job and the body is back under control, but there are still infected cells causing mono to relapse and take a long time to recover from. However, it is very unusually for mono to occur more than once in a persons lifetime. (7)The symptoms for mono include sore throat, fever, headache, loss of appetite, extreme fatigue, sometimes a measles-like rash, jaundice, or the spleen may enlarge and there is the possibility of a rupture. These symptoms are very common for other disease such as the common cold or strep throat. Blood tests are the only way to find out if someone is infected with mono due to the abnormal white blood cells. (2)Although there is no specific treatment or medicine for mono the best thing is to just rest (3). Drinking plenty of fluids helps also (3). You can take pain relievers such as acetaminophen, which is Tylenol and others like it, but never take aspirin (3). Taking aspirin while having a viral infection can lead to another serious condition called Reyes syndrome (3). While having mono, a person should limit their activities such as sports and exercises (7). The Illness can last from two weeks and in the severe cases, months (1). There is no sure way to prevent mono because it is so highly contagious and there are no vaccines for it. Obviously a person should avoid contact with anyone who is infected with mono. A person with AIDS, and transplant recipients need to be extra careful because contracting EBV can lead to cancer. (7)EBV can lead to other Illnesses other than mono. Burkitts lymphoma patients usually have high antibodies of EBV (6). This disease involves tumors in the throat and jaw area due to EBV (6). There are also traces of EBV genome in specimens from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (6). Nasopharynegeal carcinoma is cancer of the nose and throat and EBV is found in almost all of the tumors (7). Hodgkins disease is possibly linked with EBV because of the swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or g roin, and similar symptoms of mono (7). EBV could be linked with Sjogrens syndrome, which is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own tissues (7). EBV could be involved because an EBV infection of the salivary glands activates the T cells to the infected cells and to other glandular cells (7). Although EBV is linked to many other diseases and could cause cancer, there is no evidence that everyone with EBV antibodies is going to get cancer or another deadly disease (7). .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .postImageUrl , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:hover , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:visited , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:active { border:0!important; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:active , .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7 .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a4ccddfb3f6a03506b3586778978ed7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate Wellness Programs Essay Right now there is no vaccine for EBV or mono, but scientists are working on it (7). A vaccine for EBV would remove a link in a chain; that leads to cancer and other suck diseases, but would not prevent these diseases from ever occurring because there are other factors involved in these diseases (7). Luckily mono is not one of these deadly diseases, and even though there is not a definite prescription to get rid of mono there are ways to treat it without leading to death. Works Cited1. Beers, MD Mark H., and Robert Berkow, MD, ed. The Merck Manual Of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999. 2. Cassidy, Jo. Whats in a Name? Mononucleosis.; Current Health 17: 9 (1990): 14-15. 3. Dinamoor, Robert S. When Mono Attacks Take It Lying Down.; Current Health 20: 9 (1993): 30-31. 4. Dreher, Nancy. What You Need To Know about Mono.; Current Health 23: 3 (1997): 28-29. 5. Kaye, Kenneth M., and Elliot Kieff. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Infectious Mononucleosis.; Infectious Diseases, 2nd ed. Ed. John G. Barlett, MD, Neil R. Blacklow, MD, and Sherwood L. Gorback, MD. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1998. 1646-1650. 6. Schooley, Robert T. Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis).; Ed. John E. Bennett, MD, Raphael Dolin, MD, and Gerald L. Mandell, MD. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995. 1364-1373. 7. Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein. Mononucleosis. Hillside, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Robert Frost Takes Our Imaginations To A Journey Through Wintertime Wi

Robert Frost takes our imaginations to a journey through wintertime with his two poems Desert Places and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Frost comes from a New England background and these two poems reflect the beautiful scenery that is present in that part of the country. Even though these poems both have winter settings they contain very different tones. One has a feeling of depressing loneliness and the other a feeling of welcome solitude. They show how the same setting can have totally different impacts on a person depending on their mindset at the time. These poems are both made up of simple stanzas and diction but they are not simple poems. In the poem Desert Places the speaker is a man who is traveling through the countryside on a beautiful winter evening. He is completely surrounded with feelings of loneliness. The speaker views a snow covered field as a deserted place. A blanker whiteness of benighted snow/ With no expression, nothing to express. Whiteness and blanknes s are two key ideas in this poem. The white symbolizes open and empty spaces. The snow is a white blanket that covers up everything living. The blankness symbolizes the emptiness that the speaker feels. To him there is nothing else around except for the unfeeling snow and his lonely thoughts. The speaker in this poem is jealous of the woods. The woods around it have it - it is theirs. The woods symbolizes people and society. They have something that belongs to them, something to feel a part of. The woods has its place in nature and it is also a part of a bigger picture. The speaker is so alone inside that he feels that he is not a part of anything. Nature has a way of bringing all of her parts together to act as one. Even the animals are a part of this wintery scene. All animals are smothered in their lairs,/ I am too absent-spirited to count. The snow throws its blanket of whiteness over everything and to him it is a feeling of numbness. The loneliness includes me unawares. The spe aker has lost his enthusiasm for life. He can not express his feelings easily because of this feeling of numbness. The speaker is also in denial about feeling alone. He is at a stage where he just does not care about too much and he is feeling a bit paranoid. They cannot scare me with their empty space. He is saying who cares how I feel, I do not need anyone else. I have in me so much nearer home/ To scare myself with my own desert places. The speaker was starting to realize that he had shut himself off to the world. He recognized that this winter place was like his life. He had let depression and loneliness creep into his life and totally take over like the snow had crept up on the plain and silently covered it. If he continues to let these feelings run his life, eventually everything would be snuffed out much like the snow does to nature. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is a much happier and more upbeat poem than Desert Places. This poem is about stopping to enjoy life or as the cliche goes, stopping to smell the roses. But I have promises to keep,/ and miles to go before I sleep. The speaker in this poem was a very busy man who always had obligations to fulfill and places to go. A feeling of regret is present. The man would like to stay and enjoy this private nature scene longer but he knows that he has other things to do. Again, Frost gives us a beautiful nature scene but this time we enjoy welcome solitude. The woods are lovely, dark and deep. This poem expresses the joy of nature. The speaker seems concerned about what the rest of society would think about him just stopping in the middle of nowhere for no apparent reason. His horse represents society. My little horse must think it queer/ To stop without a farmhouse near. He admits that just stopping does seem odd. He is also somewhat concerned about the man

French and Spanish Influance essays

French and Spanish Influance essays The French and Spanish responded differently to the culture and economy of the Native Americans. Even though both countries traveled to the New World for riches, their ways of obtaining the riches could not have been more different. The Spanish decided to conquer and enslave the Indians. The French traded peacefully with the Indians and changed both the Indian culture and their own culture to gain confidence with the Indians. The type of Spaniard, which arrived on the New World before 1750, was either a monk or a conquistador. The job of the conquistadors was to capture Indian cities and then loot them of all their riches. After the capturing and looting of cities, the conquistadors would usually enslave all the surviving Indian people to earn money for the conquistador. The Spanish government did not mind this because they got one fifth of all the profits of these settlements known as The Royal Fifth. Because of the lack of Spanish women, the conquistadors intermarried with the Indians creating a new race called Mestizos. In Spain, being a Mestizo or having Native American blood in your veins was looked down upon. The social hierarchy consisted of pure blood Spanish being at the top and pure Native Americans being at the bottom. This created a natural block against any people with Native American blood holding a high position in Spain, which was probably one of the main reasons Indian slavery was never put into question by the Spaniards. The monks of Spain were no better then the conquistadors. The monks only goal was to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism. These servants of God destroyed the Indian temples and built churches where they once lay. No part of Indian culture was allowed to be retained by the Native Americans. The effect of this was the Indians did not accept Catholicism but they also lost ties to their own culture. The French had a more peaceful approach to the Indians. The f...

La-Z-Boy Incorporated India and Philippines Subsidiaries Essay

La-Z-Boy Incorporated India and Philippines Subsidiaries - Essay Example The company’s economic outlook is expected to increase in FY2012. Globalization has made La-Z-Boy’s transition in India seamless. India’s sophisticated banking system attracts profitable organizations like La-Z-Boy towards India. La-Z-Boy has strengthened India’s economy by employing local workforce. La-Z-Boy’s business in India can be more beneficial with due assistance of the Association of Furniture Manufactures and Traders (AFMT). In order to escape risks while working in India, it is recommendable for La-Z-Boy to be well-aware of the various languages, business etiquettes, norms and religious values in India. Mumbai is the most suitable city for La-Z-Boy to establish business in India because of its cultural richness, population and good environment. USA and Philippines are trading partners and USA is a very strong financial provider of Philippines. Since Philippines resembles USA in culture, La-Z-Boy’s working style is consistent with t he indigenous culture of Philippines, though the organization may have to tackle the risk of investment in

Job Statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job - Personal Statement Example Part of my current role as Support Assistant is to prepare learning material for these children, according to their abilities. I have also regularly worked with a private speech and language therapist, and have found this experience both useful and satisfying. Apart from this, I have liased with two outreach teachers from special schools in the borough, to make provisions for two autistic children I currently support. At Uphall, having worked in the nursery and foundation stages, I have had exposure to existing practice and procedure. My NVQ 2 and my Diploma in Social Work have helped in this. Besides, my BA (Hon) degree in primary education has enabled me to acquire in-depth knowledge of childhood studies and the connected policy aspect, ranging from the Discrimination Act to Every Child Matters and the S.E.N code of practice. My strengths in the curriculum are in Maths and I.C.T activities as well as in other languages.

Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry

Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathology and Biochemistry The kidneys are a pair of organs that function to removing metabolic wastes like urea, carbon dioxide, salts, and chemicals from the blood and excreting these wastes as urine. Kidneys also regulate the concentration of body fluids and electrolyte concentrations, arterial pressure, secretion/excretion of hormones and acid-base balance of body fluids (Guyton Hall, 2005). The main functional filtering unit of the kidney is the nephron. At least 800 thousand nephrons are in one kidney. The initial filtering unit in the nephron is the glomerulus, and the filtrates coming from the glomerulus are formed into urine as it passes the other components in the nephron. Diseases in the kidney cause a significant number of deaths and disabilities worldwide (Coresh, et al., 2007). Acute renal failure is manifested by the kidneys abruptly stopping, although the chance exists that the kidneys could recover, while in chronic kidney disease there is a progressive decline in the function of the nephrons. More specifically, chronic kidney disease is defined as damaged or decreased kidney function measured by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for a period or three or more months (Levey, et al., 2003). Initial damage to the nephron results in compensatory responses of the remaining nephrons allowing for the continuation of clearance of blood solutes. The compensatory action of the nephrons during early damage is thought to be a major cause of renal damage, because during compensation the glomerular capillary pressure is increased so much that damages are incurred leading to lesions in the glomeruli (Arora Verelli, 2010). Chronic kidney disea se is also caused by hypertension, diabetes, disorders in blood vessels and glomeruli, infections, immune system disorders, congenital disorders, and urinary tract obstructions (Guyton Hall, 2005). Clinical symptoms for chronic kidney disease are not evident until the number of functional nephrons decreases by 70-75% (Guyton Hall, 2005). The progressive deterioration in kidney function could ultimately lead to end-stage renal disease where the patient must undergo dialysis to remove wastes from the blood, or transplanted with a new kidney. Chronic kidney disease has 5 stages based on the GFR (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Patients with the stage 1-3 of the disease do not show symptoms. At stage 4-5 electrolyte balance and endocrine disorders become evident. It is believed that the uremic disorders observed at stage 5 are due to the accumulation of toxins (Arora Verelli, 2010). Increased retention of potassium (hyperkalemia) occurs due to inability of the kidneys to excrete potassium. Metabolic acidosis results from the inability of the kidneys to produce enough ammonia necessary to react with the endogenous acid and produce ammonium. Phosphates, sulphates, and other organic anions accumulate, causing large anion gaps. Metabolic acidosis increases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation, and reduces albumin synthesis, resulting in protein-energy malnutrition, decreased body mass, and increased muscle weakness. Acidosis also interferes with Vitamin D metabolism and mineral imbalance resulting in renal osteodys trophy or renal bone disease. Renal bone disease can be averted with timely dietary measures and medications like phosphate binders and calcitriol (Renal Resource Center, 2007). Skeletal and extraskeletal complications result from the progression of renal bone disease. In chronic kidney disease, renal bone disease is categorized into four general types: (1) low turnover disease or defective mineralization; (2) high turnover bone disease brought about by high levels of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels; (3) beta-2-microglobulin associated bone disease; and (4) mixture of the 3 diseases (Arora Verelli, 2010). Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease is diagnosed by laboratory tests on urine and serum. Serum creatinine as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate, albumin-creatinine ratio in the urine, and examination of urine sediment and dipstick test for erythrocytes and leukocytes are recommended (Levey, et al., 2003). Image analysis by ultrasound can be performed for patients with symptoms of stones, infection, obstruction of the urinary tract and having a family medical history of polycystic kidney disease. Serum electrolytes should be measured on patients who are hypertensive, diabetic, and those who have been exposed to drug toxicity. Other tests include urinary concentration or dilution, and acidification for selected patients who present symptoms of polyuria, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, hypo- and hyperkalemia (very high levels of potassium). Kidney function is assessed by analyzing serum creatinine along with a blood urea nitrogen test (Lab Tests Online, 2009). Creatinine clearance is an indication of the efficiency of the kidneys in filtering small molecules out of the blood. A traditional and principal marker of kidney damage is persistent or recurring proteinuria (Kean Eknoyan, 1999). Proteins are large molecules, and therefore they cannot pass the membranes of the glomeruli into the urine. Glomeruli, being negatively charged, also repel proteins. Size and charge barriers do not allow the passage of proteins into urine, unless the glomeruli are damaged (Proteinuria and microalbuminuria, 2007). Proteins can be measured using reagent strip tests for point of care detection and laboratory tests, including immunoassays (Carter, Tomson, Stevens, Lamb, 2006). When the protein level is more than 3500 milligrams, extensive glomeruli damage has already occurred. An albumin (or protein)-creatinine ratio higher than 30 mg albumin/g creatinine, is abnormal since the cut-off points are greater than 17 mg/g in males and more than 25 mg/g in females (Warram, Gearin, Laffel, Krolewski, 1996; (Jacobs, Murtaugh, Steffes, Yu, Roseman, Goetz, 2002). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is currently the best test for detecting kidney disorders. GFR is estimated using a formula that uses serum creatinine value, and gender, age and weight of individual. The GFR has been recommended to be the main criterion in classifying kidney disease. Five stages of chronic kidney diseases have been identified based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (National Kidney Foundation, 2002). Kidney damage has been proposed with normal or increased GFR of > 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2, while kidneys have already failed when the GFR greatly decreased at Indications of chronic kidney disease are varied and diverse. Increase or decrease in levels of important electrolytes phosphate, potassium and calcium. Other indications are metabolic acidosis, pericarditis, malnutrition, neuropathies and cardiovascular complications (Shlipak, et al., 2005; Tonelli, et al., 2006). The treatment of chronic kidney disease depends on the stage of the disease and should focus on several important factors (Arora Verelli, 2010). The primary objective is to delay and halt the progression of the disease by treating the known underlying condition (e.g. hypertension, diabetes). Systolic blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and glycemic levels must be controlled, and use of angiotensin receptor blockers is recommended. Pathologic symptoms should be treated as follows: anemia with erythropoietin; high phosphate levels with dietary means for binding and restricting phosphate binders; low calcium levels with supplements and hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D analogs or calcitriol (Arora Verelli, 2010). For uremic manifestations, dialysis and transplantation are recommended depending on the stage of the diseases, and the indications. Timely planning for renal transplantation is also necessary in order to prepare the patient. Reflection on module Chronic kidney disease is prevalent worldwide, with millions of people affected. The review conducted here shows that the disease has been well characterized with respect to the point-of- care and clinical tests for diagnosis. Chronic kidney disease affects the accumulation of ions in the blood therefore leading to a multitude of adverse conditions. The US National Kidney Foundation has spearheaded efforts to standardize and systematize the different stages, diagnostic approaches and treatment modalities. Apparently, chronic kidney disease results from other disorders. Therefore it can be prevented and corrected by first preventing and curing the underlying cause. This makes the nature of the disease complicated, and solutions are also complex. What is clear is that kidney disease is mostly a result of lifestyle, since most underlying causes like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hyperlipidemia are mostly due to lifestyles. A limitation in the publications that were reviewed was the lack of clear recommendations on how the onset of chronic kidney disease can be prevented, and what specific medications can lead to repair of the glomeruli and the nephrons after damage has occurred. Clearly, a patient with chronic kidney disease is saddled with the knowledge that a complete cure is not possible; and it only takes a matter of time for one to have the end-stage renal disease. The challenge for the medical community is to come up with a clear preventive strategy against kidney disease, and to have other long-term options aside from dialysis or organ transplantation.

MAR project team Essay

Strength Integrated Health consists a number of hospitals. Has an internal technology department – MIS. Has a large number of staff MAR project team is well rounded with technology. The institutions of Integrated Health are well known by the people in Tempe, Arizona. A non-profit organization, which means all the earned money minus the salary and daily operational costs of the institution, can be used for development. Weaknesses Utilizes manual processing of information. Low investment on automation. Chief Information Officer doesn’t have technical background. Some Directors doesn’t support automation and would rather have the traditional process. A large number of staff doesn’t agree with the change. Due to manual filings, specialists reported that patients endorsed to them doesn’t have files 30% of the time. Doesn’t have a change management process. MIS Staff are underestimated and their relevance is not clear to the whole organization Opportunities Lower of costs by investing on computerizing MAR. Can attract partnerships with insurance companies as they are becoming a trend. By investing in computerized MAR, less information would be missing or incorrect If medical tests would not be repeated unnecessarily, then operational costs can be lessen. Computer management of patient medication profiles offers the opportunity to enhance communication between pharmacists and nurses decrease medication errors and delays in delivery of therapy. enhance medication delivery accuracy and timeliness Threats If the computerized MAR is not implemented, insurance companies would not want to partner with Integrated Health. Increasing incorrect medical profiles of patients. If the computerized MAR is implemented, There will be dependence on its automation in the future and when it fails, operations will stop. Cost for further upgrades to fix bugs and improve services will be considered.

Disc Arthroplasty Essay

Degenerative disc disease have been a problem for many people as this disease brings about low back pain that seems to paralyze the working force,   the middle adulthood population (Smeltzer, 2004). Not only does it bring impaired quality of life to those who suffer from it, but Arvind Kulkarni adds large health care expenses to the list of problems brought about by this disease as seen in his article entitled Prosthetic Lumbar disc replacement for degenerative disc disease. Spinal fusion, which is the medical management for degenerative disc disease, has been criticized by several doctors in the practice due to its untoward effects in the patient’s overall recovery and lifetime improvement. Specialist in the field, Christoph Siepe, identified these unpleasant effects as accelerated adjacent system degeneration, pseudarthrosis, spinal canal stenosis, and donor site morbidity. Adjacent segment degeneration, as mentioned by Peter Ullrich in his article entitled Fusion versus Artificial Disc Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease, stated that this is the major complication of spinal fusion and the reason why most surgeons want this procedure replaced. Adjacent segment degeneration or ASD happens when mechanical stress is transferred to the adjacent segment, also mentioned by Peter Ullrich. But research showed that this procedure can be modified to show more positive results. An anterior lumbar interbody fusion showed a low occurrence of revision surgery needed, which meant low frequency of adjacent segment degeneration, all pointed out in Mr. Ullrich’s paper.   However, to achieve this outcome, Mr. Ullrich declared that there should be an improvement in patient selection and in the procedure. The patients should be those patients having degenerative disc disease in their 5th lumbar to 1st sacral segment, because there is minimal motion at this level. By doing so, he states that fusing these segments do not change the patient’s mobility as much.   But not all are satisfied of this result. Doctors and specialists are continuously making efforts to totally changing the primary medical management for degenerative disc diseases. Studies have been conducted, and several replacement procedures were approved by the FDA. Peter Ullrich stated in his paper that the total disk replacement procedure was approved for medical use by the FDA in the year 2004 using the Charite artificial disc but for only one level of the spinal vertebrae, being the L4 – L5 or the L5 – S1. This is not the first time that a total or partial disc replacement was done. The history of this procedure was mentioned in an article in a website by Spine-Health that disc nucleus replacement was done first in 1955 by David Cleveland by injecting methyl-acrylic. Ever since then, there have two other FDA approved products aside from the Charite, the website Spine-Health states that the Prodisc was approved on August 2006 and the Kineflex lumbar on June 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A total disc replacement is being described by Jose Reyna in his article, Advances in Artificial Disc Technology, as being composed of two pieces of plates made of metal that has teeth to be able to attach itself to the end plates of the vertebral bones above and below it. This means that the particular intervertebral disc that is causing pain has to be removed and replaced by an artificial disc. Several artificial discs have been developed by various manufacturers in the country and they only differ in design and composition. The Charite, as mentioned earlier, is made up of a unique sliding core with two metal alloy end plates. The Prodisc being based on spherical articulations is made up of cobalt chromium molybdenum alloy as stated in the website Spine-Health. Inventors Qi-Bin Bao and Paul Higham developed a hydrogel prosthetic nucleus made up of PVA powder and a solvent mixed together, as seen on the article, Hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus with diminished lateral bulging. The total disc replacement procedure has its advantages and disadvantages. Even after some models being approved by the FDA, it is still being assessed thoroughly by specialists in the field. Charles Rosen and Douglas Kiester report poor results and complications in the total disc replacement procedure. As it was mentioned in their study, this procedure causes fractures, severe pain, dislocations, extrusion of the implant, facet joint degeneration, and unexplained radiculopathy. They attribute these substandard results to the fact that the center of rotation of segmented motion is erroneous. Jose Reyna Jr. also mentions several disadvantages of the procedure in his study, stating that the anterior approach to the surgery can cause injury to the aorta and the common iliac vessels, can cause retrograde ejaculation in men by injuring the superior hypogastric plexus, hemorrhage can result from the retroperitoneal approach, and infection can occur. However, he also stated some advantages, as this procedure is said to maintain range of motion in majority of the patients as a long-term outcome. There are still a lot of studies to be conducted, and patients to be experimented on. A three year study conducted by Christoph Siepe et al., entitled Clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disc Replacement With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications, intended to assess total disc replacement outcome in patients who actually underwent the operation. Their results showed that not all degenerative disc diseases can be treated with this medical management. The best outcome was seen in patients exhibiting degenerative disc disease condition plus soft disc herniation or nucleus pulposus prolapse. Outcome was measured against the patient’s improvement from their preoperative levels. There were inferior results from the patients who had bisegmental damages, and a higher complication rate. Also it was mentioned that the younger patients, more specifically those aged below forty exhibited better outcome than those older than forty. Technology like this is still being developed, studied and modified as we speak. What is important is that there are people out there who care and who try to make a difference, whether it is by inventing, criticizing or being the experimental person wherein these new devices will be made a reality. References Charles Rosen, Douglas Kiester, Thay Q. Lee: The Potential Biomechanical Etiology for Lumbar Disc Replacement Failures: Review of 24 Patients and the Rationale for Revision . The Internet Journal of Minimally Invasive Spinal Technology. 2007. Volume 1 Number 2. Medscape. (2002). Advance in Artificial Disc Technology. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/445057 Medscape. (2002). Clinical Results of Total Lumbar Disc Replacement With ProDisc II: Three-Year Results for Different Indications. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/542479 Neurology India. (2005). Prosthetic Lumbar disc replacement for degenerative disc disease. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2005;volume=53;issue=4;spage=499;epage=505;aulast=Kulkarni Neurospine. (no indicated year). Fusion versus Artificial Disc Arthroplasty for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.neurospinewi.com/newsletters/fusionvsartificial.html Patent Storm. (1996). Hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus with diminished lateral bulging. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5534028-fulltext.html Smeltzer, S. and Bare, B. (2004). Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Spine-Health. (1997-2007). Lumbar artificial disc surgery for chronic back pain. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www.spine-health.com/research/discupdate/artificial/artificial01.html

Crystal Science Fair Project Tips and Ideas

Crystals can make interesting and fun science fair projects. The type of project depends on your educational level. Here are some examples of crystal science fair projects and ideas to help launch your own creativity in choosing your own project. Make a Collection Younger investigators may want to make a collection of crystals and work out their own method for grouping the crystals into categories.  Common crystals include salt, sugar, snowflakes, and quartz. What other crystals can you find? What are the similarities and differences between these crystals? What materials look like crystals, but really arent? (Hint: Glass doesnt have an ordered internal structure, so it isnt crystal.) Make a Model You can build models of crystal lattices. You can show how lattice subunits can grow into some of the crystal shapes taken by natural minerals. Prevent Crystal Growth Your project can involve ways you might prevent crystals from forming. For example, can you think of a way to keep crystals from forming in ice cream? Does the temperature of the ice cream matter? What happens as a result of freezing and thawing cycles? What effect do different ingredients have on the size and number of crystals that form? Grow Crystals Growing crystals is a fun way to explore your interest in chemistry and geology. In addition to growing crystals from kits, there are lots of types of crystals that can be grown from common household substances, such as sugar (sucrose), salt (sodium chloride), Epsom salts, borax, and alum. Sometimes its interesting to mix different materials to see what types of crystals result. For example, salt crystals look different when they are grown with vinegar. Can you figure out why? If you want a good science fair project, it would be better if you tested some aspect of growing crystals rather than simply growing pretty crystals and explaining the process. Here are some ideas for ways to turn a fun project into a great science fair or research project: How does the rate of evaporation of the crystal-growing medium affect the final size of the crystals? You can change the rate of evaporation by sealing the container (no evaporation at all if there is no air space) or by blowing a fan over the liquid or enclosing the jar of medium with a desiccant. Different places and seasons will have different humidities. The crystals grown in a desert may be different from those grown in a ​rainforest.You will usually heat water or another liquid to dissolve a solid to grow your crystals. Does the rate at which this liquid is cooled affect the way the crystals grow? You can compare crystals allowed to cool at room temperature to those formed from cooling the liquid in a refrigerator.What effect do additives have on the crystals? You could add food coloring, flavorings, or other impurities. How do crystals grown from non-iodized salt compare with those grown from iodized salt?What steps can you take to maximize crystal size? Developing a pr ocedure is a form of experimental science. You can affect parameters such as vibration, humidity, temperature, the rate of evaporation, purity of your growth medium, and time allowed for crystal growth. The type of container used to grow your crystals may make a difference, as could the type of string used to suspend a seed crystal (or other method used to grow a crystal). Are you changing containers when crystals start to grow that could compete with your seed crystal? There are lots of things to think about! Some may have a major effect on crystal growth and others may be negligible. Does light/dark effect growth? Probably not for a salt crystal, but it could for a substance that is degraded by visible radiation.If you are up for a challenge, you can make predictions about the shapes of crystals before you grow them, based on their molecular structures and molecular geometry.